Mayan Indians :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Mayan Indians The Maya Indians are Indians that Lived in parts of present time Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Maya Indians had a complex hieroglyphic alphabet and a complicated calendar system. Only the high priests and kings knew how to read it and write and read the complex alphabet. The Maya Indians did not live in teepees like you may think they lived in houses sort of like ours but no nails or installation to keep it warm. The Maya Indians where great builders they made large buildings made out of stone some stones weighed more than 2 tons that is over 4,000 pound. When a child was born in the Maya civilization it was a sign of good luck. After it was born the priest was called and the baby was given a sacred name and then the priest predicts the future. In marriages the woman was allowed to marry when she was 14-15 years old. The boy in the relationship had to be at least 18 years old like our country in marriages. The Maya men and woman where very short compared to us. The average woman was 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ quite short for our women who reached an average of 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. The men where also short but not too short. They reached5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ only 2 inches shy of our men who reach an average of 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. The Mayan disappeared close to the year 900 A.D. By 1450 most of the major cities where abandoned. Nobody knows for sure but there are theories that the men would go to war and the family would hide in a near by countryside and take cover. The tribe made their culture so advanced and just abandoned it for war. So why would a culture ruin their life style to fight but that is just a theory we may never know. The stylish thing to do in the Mayan civilization was having tattoos and wearing tons of jewelry was considered hip. Also they thought that filling your teeth to a sharp point and having your eyes crossed was attractive. Priests had three main types of calendars. The first was a civil calendar this was based on the solar cycle of the sun. The year lasted 365 days there was no leap year though so they where a day off every 7 years. The long court had a special system that kept track of long spans of time such as decades and centuries.

Anomalies are Not Always Wrong :: Transexual Transvestite Essays

Anomalies are Not Always Wrong Transsexualism, as well as transvestism, has had a long yet obscure history. Bryan Tully in Accounting for Transsexualism and Transhomosexuality writes, "In Antiquity, Hippocrates considered transvestism in men to be an illness sent by the Gods" (1). His comments indicate how long transvestism has existed and been recognized. Tully also explains that the first report of transsexualism in medical history took place around 1853, yet neither transsexualism nor transvestism were scientifically researched until after the Second World War. Around the 1950's the most famous account of transsexualism, meaning an actual operation, occurred when a Danish man named George Jorgensen was surgically castrated to make him "feel" more like a woman. He also got his name changed to Christine Jorgensen. By using these accounts, it can be understood that these are not "new" fads, but true dilemmas that have their own history. Transsexualism and transvestism are variations from society's views of "normal" sexual behavior. These variations of the norm are explained as being disorders and are almost exclusively found in men. Transvestism is the activity of cross-dressing for sexual arousal from that specific object, whether it be clothing, shoes, or what. This can simply be called a fetish. The reasoning behind the few cases reported of female transvestism is explained in the following statement. "The culture apparently permits a greater range of fashion to women. The male transvestite wears female undergarments and uses makeup to achieve a female appearance" (Feinbloom 17). The only reason transvestites do not cross-dress for is to "transform themselves temporarily into an entity that more closely matches their own identity" (Brown 36). This is a description of why a transsexual would cross-dress. This is the difference between transvestites and transsexuals. Transvestites feel that their assigned gender is "correct" for them, and transsexuals do not feel that theirs is necessarily "correct". This mind and body incongruity of the transsexual has also been recently referred to as gender identity disorder (GID). Male cross-dressing can be divided into three groups: homosexual (attracted to the same sex) transvestites, heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex) transvestites, and bisexual (attracted to both sexes) transvestites. Homosexual transvestites dress for egotistical reasons or to be sexually attractive to other men. Heterosexual transvestites are compulsive cross-dressers. In the beginning their cross-dressing is purely for erotic purposes. "To use as a measure of the sources of genital pleasure and self-identity, both the homosexual and heterosexual male transvestite see themselves as male and would be most uncomfortable at the thought of sex-reassignment surgery" (Feinbloom 18). Anomalies are Not Always Wrong :: Transexual Transvestite Essays Anomalies are Not Always Wrong Transsexualism, as well as transvestism, has had a long yet obscure history. Bryan Tully in Accounting for Transsexualism and Transhomosexuality writes, "In Antiquity, Hippocrates considered transvestism in men to be an illness sent by the Gods" (1). His comments indicate how long transvestism has existed and been recognized. Tully also explains that the first report of transsexualism in medical history took place around 1853, yet neither transsexualism nor transvestism were scientifically researched until after the Second World War. Around the 1950's the most famous account of transsexualism, meaning an actual operation, occurred when a Danish man named George Jorgensen was surgically castrated to make him "feel" more like a woman. He also got his name changed to Christine Jorgensen. By using these accounts, it can be understood that these are not "new" fads, but true dilemmas that have their own history. Transsexualism and transvestism are variations from society's views of "normal" sexual behavior. These variations of the norm are explained as being disorders and are almost exclusively found in men. Transvestism is the activity of cross-dressing for sexual arousal from that specific object, whether it be clothing, shoes, or what. This can simply be called a fetish. The reasoning behind the few cases reported of female transvestism is explained in the following statement. "The culture apparently permits a greater range of fashion to women. The male transvestite wears female undergarments and uses makeup to achieve a female appearance" (Feinbloom 17). The only reason transvestites do not cross-dress for is to "transform themselves temporarily into an entity that more closely matches their own identity" (Brown 36). This is a description of why a transsexual would cross-dress. This is the difference between transvestites and transsexuals. Transvestites feel that their assigned gender is "correct" for them, and transsexuals do not feel that theirs is necessarily "correct". This mind and body incongruity of the transsexual has also been recently referred to as gender identity disorder (GID). Male cross-dressing can be divided into three groups: homosexual (attracted to the same sex) transvestites, heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex) transvestites, and bisexual (attracted to both sexes) transvestites. Homosexual transvestites dress for egotistical reasons or to be sexually attractive to other men. Heterosexual transvestites are compulsive cross-dressers. In the beginning their cross-dressing is purely for erotic purposes. "To use as a measure of the sources of genital pleasure and self-identity, both the homosexual and heterosexual male transvestite see themselves as male and would be most uncomfortable at the thought of sex-reassignment surgery" (Feinbloom 18).

Murderball: Disability and Attitudes Paraplegic People

[pic][pic] Murderball [pic][pic] Abstract I strongly believe the size of your success is measured by the strength of your desire. In the 2005 documentary film (Murderball) directors Henry Rubin and Dana Shapiro documented people’s life experience with Paraplegia. Paraplegia is an impairment that diminishes the sensory and motor function of the lower half of your body. Henry and Dana were able to capture some of the attitudes Paraplegic people have for themselves and what others perceive for them which most of the time was incorrect. Paraplegic people seem to never let their impairment encompass them and control there life which I find very empowering. Instead, they use strength to achieve what they desire and for many of them in the film that was to become wheelchair rugby gold medalists in the Paralympics. During the time period that we watched the film one Paraplegic person stood out from all the rest, Mark Zupan. Zupan became Paraplegic when he fell asleep in his best friend’s truck after a party, when his best friend Igoe was driving home later that night he got into a car accident unaware that Zupan was in the car. Zupan was thrown out of the truck bed and into a canal were he held on a branch for 14 hrs. Zupan was ask during the film by a reporter if he could turn the clock back to that day of the accident would he have changed the outcome, he replied with â€Å" No, My injury has led me to opportunities and experiences and friendships I would never have had before† . One opportunity that presented itself was wheelchair rugby were he was a member of the bronze medal-winning U. S. team in 2004. But it wasn’t just rugby and his extreme accident that made him stand out, it was his attitude of himself and his fellow Paraplegics. Zupan and many members of his USA Rugby team view themselves as normal people. For instance, in one part of the movie they played a prank on an Olympian worker. By phoning down to the hotel lobby that they needed help lifting a box but in all reality the box had the player bobby in it to scare the worker. Through out the movie, Paraplegics seem to be humorous and passive aggressive towards un-respectful people that don’t understand there condition. But they also feel that it is necessary for people to be educated about the impairment so they develop Spread Phenomenon. Spread Phenomenon occurs when we tend to associate one disability like mental impairment with a person who has physical disability . Zupan doesn’t like the fact that people think Special Olympics is the same as Paralympics, this is considered a Spread Phenomenon. Zupan and USA team also don’t like many stigmas’ that are associated with Paraplegic conditions. For Instance, Scott Hogsett who is one of the members for the USA team describes a situation when a family friend was wondering why Scott was outside enjoying himself; this was a stigma about him. The family friend made the assumption that Scott in no way shape or form is able bodied but in all reality is capable of many things which includes going out side. Even with all the discriminated Fallacies towards Paraplegics, they don’t let people’s assumptions bother them in fact all of the people in the documentary live a happy and family oriented life. Joe Scoares coach of the Canada Paraplegic Rugby team, has a son and wife that he loves very much and enjoys being around during and before games. The Teams themselves also conveys family, because each team member has a special connection with each other. In the movie there is one scene were they are all playing cards with each other talking about women and past experiences they had with each other that embodies what a families all about. Overall, this movie helped me change my perspective on people with disabilities and impairments. By allowing me to throw away my preconceived notions about people and try to understand people for who they are and not what they have. Reference: Page Rubin, H. (Director) & Shapiro, D (Director). (2005). Murderball [documentary]. United States: Paramont.

Wellness Perspectives Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

It has been observed that those with high abdominal splanchnic adiposeness or huge sums of splanchnic adiposeness in general ( fleshiness ) are at increased hazard for the metabolic syndrome. This is due to effects of inordinate fat shops on the vasculature and on endothelial map. Per Bjorntorp offered grounds to back up that hormonal instabilities, specifically of hydrocortisone and sex endocrines, are of import in the pathogenesis of insulin opposition, which is besides a lending factor to increased hazard for the syndrome. Genetics plays an implicit in function in the forecast of the metabolic syndrome, every bit good. Restrictions of utilizing the metabolic syndrome in clinical scenes as a diagnostic tool include concluding such that it ‘s non clearly understood which individual or combination of status ( s ) described above ( ATP3 diagnostic standards ) really are responsible for increasing hazard or doing any cardiovascular or metabolic upsets in the long tally, and the fact that the arbitrary figure ( 3 ) of conditions met measure up a patient for holding the syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is besides a gray country in foretelling wellness result due to the manner wellness professionals approach intervention – some tackle one status at a clip while others prescribe a general life style intercession. The metabolic syndrome has evolved into its name from â€Å" Syndrome X † over the old ages ; Syndrome X addressed a bunch of symptoms associated with insulin opposition and when cardiovascular abnormalcies were added to the diagnosing the name changed to the â€Å" metabolic syndrome † . There is a disagreement as to whether or non the construct metabolic syndrome should be dismissed, due to the obscure nature of its being as neither a true disease nor a true syndrome. 2. Describe why the metabolic syndrome is sometimes depicted as a syrupy rhythm. ( 10 points ) We live in a society where sedentary life styles are common and nutrient is aplenty, two factors that addition likeliness for positive energy balance. When genetic sciences and constructs like the â€Å" thrifty cistron † theory are factored into the equation the likeliness for weight addition is raised even more. Once an single becomes obese they are at hazard for certain features that represent the metabolic syndrome – or all of them – harmonizing to ATP3 guidelines. They besides may meet some of the emotional effects of being overweight, such as depression or deficiency of ego esteem – both can potentially originate and fuel â€Å" nerve-racking feeding † and take to farther weight addition and wellness complications. This cycling mentioned so far is merely in footings of weight, which sets the phase for farther jobs in association with the metabolic syndrome. At the cellular degree, one thing tends to engender another, whether it ‘s an aggravation of one factor or the induction of a different 1. For illustration, as insulin opposition is brought on by hapless dietetic and exercising wonts ( but particularly the self-contradictory free fatso acid flux associated with fleshiness[ 2 ]) , it causes greater insulin opposition. Besides, insulin – being a growing factor that can advance adipogenesis – has the possible to heighten production of ectopic fat in its ability to heighten lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) activity and suppress hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) activity. This ( over ) production causes inflammatory markers to be called upon to assist relieve the state of affairs, and their presence in and of itself serves to decline insulin opposition. Girod et al 20032 explains this rhythm in great item in a superb article. The diagram below was taken from the article and depicts the rhythm ‘s chief flow and major points. 3. Define weight cycling. Discuss the grounds about weight cycling being â€Å" risky † to wellness. ( 10 points ) Weight cycling is insistent weight loss and recover over clip. It is besides referred to as â€Å" yo-yo † dieting, and is normally measured by how many witting dieting efforts an person has made. Cycling is in regulation with Elfhag ‘s belief that losing weight and maintaining it off is highly hard.[ 3 ]She and several others stand steadfastly behind the impression that weight care is disputing. Despite the increased prevalence of weight cycling and the increasing figure of rhythms carried out per individual, diet crazes and weight loss plans are at full steam with new constructs and â€Å" advanced † merchandises being placed on the market continually. Though the mechanisms are non good understood weight cycling appears to hold an association with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.[ 4 ],[ 5 ]There are several factors that may turn to this job. It may hold to make with the evident alterations in organic structure composing related to loss and regain ; those who regain tend to recover mass in the signifier different types of fat – chiefly splanchnic fat – and it appears to roll up mostly around the middle of the organic structure.[ 6 ]Two specific factors are at drama here for increased hazard for cardiovascular issues, one is the high sum of splanchnic fat and the 2nd is the accretion of this fat around the center, increasing waist perimeter. Both of these are besides mostly involved with the oncoming of insulin opposition, another reported complication of weight cycling.[ 7 ]The addition in cardiovascular mortality may besides be a consequence of the changeless fluctuation of certain markers that affect endothelial map, which include blood force per unit area, serum glucose and serum lipoids ( lessenings in HDL are associated with weight cycling[ 8 ]) .[ 9 ]Kidney map is besides affected during cycling by a fluctuating glomerular filtration rate.[ 10 ]One more factor is the pronounced alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity during the restriction/overfeeding cycling, which significantly insult blood force per unit area and bosom map and finally impacts overall cardiac burden. To farther support that weight cycling is â€Å" risky † , Hooper et Al observed pronounced additions in appetite-stimulating endocrine profiles ( increased ghrelin, lower glucose, and lower androgen degrees, specifically ) in postmenopausal adult females who reported a history of repeated turns of weight cycling[ 11 ]– this would increase the likeliness for weight regain. It has besides been reported that weight cycling is associated with an increased prevalence of eating disorders/disordered feeding, bone breaks, malignant neoplastic diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and psychological upsets. 4. Define and depict what is meant by chronic emphasis. ( 10 points ) Chronic emphasis is continual exposure to certain stimulations that elevates and maintains a degree of allostatic activity in the organic structure. Chronic emphasis can originate from a figure of state of affairss, whether environmental or internal. The â€Å" stress response † refers to the manner the organic structure reacts under emphasis, and it depends on the strength and continuance of the abuse. When an person is under chronic emphasis, the allostasis involves alterations in energy flow which affects several factors such as appetency, energy storage mechanisms and alimentary use. Stress endocrines such as hydrocortisone, corticotropin-releasing endocrine ( CRH ) , epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in effort to restart stableness in a fight-or-flight- or defeat reaction-type state of affairs that has been imposed on the organic structure, via either the hypothalamic pituitary suprarenal gland ( HPA ) axis or the sympathetic-adrenomedullary ( SAM ) system. Chro nic emphasis has been linked to increased hazard for going corpulence or corpulent. 5. Describe how chronic emphasis it is related to splanchnic fleshiness and clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Define and depict the part of the SNS system, the HPA axis, and wellness behaviours on splanchnic fleshiness and metabolic syndrome. ( 30 points ) . The HPA axis is a cardinal control hub of the emphasis response cascade, located in the hypothalamus and encephalon root, and regulated by CRH. It runs on a feedback system, in which adrenocorticotropic endocrine is secreted from the anterior hypophysis and Acts of the Apostless on the adrenal cerebral mantle to excite cortisol secernment ; in bend hydrocortisone studies back to the encephalon to close off production of more hydrocortisone. The SAM works in concurrence with the HPA axis to run the emphasis response and is located in the venue ceruleus on the Ponss – though it is typically called upon in state of affairss where the emphasis abuse is non perceived as overly-threatening. During the response to chronic emphasis, the presence of adrenaline serves to close down digestive procedures and diverts all attending to the sympathetic activity in an effort to supply the organic structure with the ability to get by with the emphasis. Cortisol release, nevertheless is associated with eating and increased feelings of hungriness. Chronic elevated hydrocortisone degrees is besides known to do splanchnic fat accretion and deposition ; a good known factor of fleshiness and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue – particularly intra-abdominal – contains more glucocorticoid ( hydrocortisone ) receptors, which finally yields greater glucocorticoid metamorphosis in the abdominal country compared to other parts. Within splanchnic adipose tissue, in the presence of insulin the hydrocortisone serves to forestall lipid mobilisation for usage and supports fat accretion alternatively, in either of two ways: one, through stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity or two, through the repressive effects hydrocortisone has on growing endocrine, which promotes lypolitic activty when permitted to work freely. Cortisol besides suppresses the consumption and usage of glucose in musculus tissue, and at the same time promotes the dislocation of protein in an attempt to originate gluconeogenesis in the liver. Epinephrine and noradrenaline are received and processed by sympathomimetic receptors. Two types of receptors exist, alpha and beta. Alpha receptors initiate a cascade consequence to let go of free fatty acids, while beta receptors inhibit this cascade and therefore the release of free fatty acids and alternatively advance fatty acerb storage. When free fatso acids are released into the portal system, unless they are used right off ( i.e. , to back up energy demands of physical activity ) they remain in circulation and it can be risky to hepatic metamorphosis and insulin sensitiveness. Both of these complications are markers associated with the metabolic syndrome. The presence of hydrocortisone stimulates hunger which can take to â€Å" nerve-racking feeding † and, accordingly, weight addition particularly in the signifier of splanchnic adipose via mechanisms mentioned above. The more hydrocortisones released in response to emphasize the higher the inclination to eat more of calorically heavy nutrients. There is grounds to propose that consumption may be affected by neuropeptide Y, CRH and leptin every bit good as opioid and endocannabinoid signaling in concurrence hydrocortisone activity.[ 12 ]In footings of the theoretical account of reward-based feeding, cognitive restraint of indulging in a peculiar nutrient outputs a signifier of emphasis that increases hydrocortisone concentrations which impact NPY, insulin and leptin degrees ; hunger work stoppages hard while the wages tracts are initiated and while the individual gives in and devour the point the circulating endocrines and hydrocortisone act to heighten fatty acerb storage in th e signifier of splanchnic adipose and supress insulin sensitiveness. Currently-overweight females and those with a history of high dietetic restraint are most likely to digest this destiny. Repeated Acts of the Apostless of this step will finally take to increased hazard for weight addition and farther, the metabolic syndrome. 6. Using the Obesity Atlas and/or other resources, describe and compare the function and influences of biology/genetics, physical activity behavior/ eating behaviour and environment on the etiology of fleshiness. Which of these facets has the strongest impact? Why? Which of these may be the most promising to prosecute for bar or intervention of fleshiness. Why? ( 30 ) The etiology of fleshiness can non be represented by any one individual factor ; alternatively there are a battalion of influences on energy balance and weight fluctuations that are really loosely grouped into: biological science and genetic sciences, physical activity/inactivity, dietetic wonts, and the psychosocial influences from the envrionment. While physiology and familial make-up are the strongest forecasters of phenotype, they are about impossible to alter after creative activity of a human being. On the other manus, the physical universe around us and our concsious daily determinations are extremely dynamic, and therefore these are the 1s that should be targeted for intercession and intervention. There is grounds to back up that genetic sciences work in concurrence with the environment to lend to obesity on a planetary degree. Research has shown there are specific internal biological and physiological procedures that can be influenced by heritable traits ; one such illustration set Forth is the thrifty cistron hypothesis ( Neel, 1961 ) with which it was proposed that the organic structure can be predisposed for extremely efficient food hive awaying mechanisms, therefore seting them at a disadvantage for increased hazard of weight addition compared to the non-thrifty-gene-carrying population. Another illustration is the set point theory ( Bennet et al, 1982 ) , which entails that an internal control system dictates and regulates how much fat a individual carries throughout their life-time. Geneticss have besides been linked to weight loss as good – Shin et Al, 2006 found that certain SNPs in the ADIPOQ cistron ( influences alterations in go arounding adiponectin degrees ) can find how good, or ill, one responds to dietary & amp ; exercising intercessions. Mager et Al, 2008 observed mutants in the ghrelin receptor cistron which were associated with fleshiness and glucose metamorphosis in people with impaired glucose tolerance, and found that specific SNPs in this cistron besides influenced how one responds to burden loss intercessions. However, good beyond the negligible sum of research behind the familial part to fleshiness is the other, good established offender – the external environment in which we live and its afloat pool of abuses. The society we are constructing around us begets eternal options and short cuts – 1s that were non available in the times of our early ascendants ; therefore, they are non contributing to proper direction of our organic structures the manner nature intended. The grounds is all around us, from McDonalds Dollar Menu to the Dollar Store and from wireless cyberspace to Segway scooters ; it ‘s all about money and ease these yearss. And so to prod us while we ‘re down after lading up on cheap, high fat nutrient we have the amusement industry, which has drawn voluminous sums of attending to an overdone image of the â€Å" perfect organic structure † over the old ages, making this mute criterion of and spliting line between how we should and should n't look . Now the sudden rush in diet and weight loss pills, plans and regimens has left us in even more of a dither, scared to look one manner or the other in fright of being stared at, smirked at, laughed at, judged or ridiculed for the manner we appear on the exterior. So we stagger on, and our caputs down and custodies in the bowl of comfort. emphasis could ne'er be the exclusive cause of and be an effectual mark for intercession and intervention for the rise in fleshiness. There are merely excessively many extra confounding factors – genetic sciences and hapless dietetic and exercising wonts are the major wrongdoers. The construction of American society is by no agencies conducive to easy, healthy life, with widespread economical instability and far, far excessively many cutoff options. You ‘re stressed at work so you mindless make for the tremendous bowl of Halloween confect in the common country ; you are short on hard currency so you head into McDonalds for their dollar bill of fare choice ; you do n't experience like walking the stat mi to work so you get into your auto or hop on the coach.

Pregnant Women Essay

In my opinion, pregnant women should be punished for partaking in legal behaviors such as taking fertility medication, smoking, and drinking, all of which can cause harm to the fetus. I think a woman should subordinate her right to control her life when she decides to become pregnant or does become pregnant. Anything which might possibly harm the developing fetus should be prohibited and all things which might positively affect the developing fetus should be mandated under penalty of law, be it criminal or civil. Since anything which a pregnant woman does or does not do may have an impact, either positive or negative, on her developing fetus, any act or omission on her part could render her liable to her subsequently born child. While such a view is consistent with the recognition of a fetus’ having rights which are superior to those of its mother, such is not and cannot be the law of this state. A legal right of a fetus to begin life with a sound mind and body assertable against a mother would make a pregnant woman the guarantor of the mind and body of her child at birth. A legal duty to guarantee the mental and physical health of another has never before been recognized in law. Any action which negatively impacted on fetal development would be a breach of the pregnant woman’s duty to her developing fetus, Mother and child would be legal adversaries from the moment of conception until birth. If a legally cognizable duty on the part of mothers were recognized, then a judicially defined standard of conduct would have to be met. It must be asked, by what judicially defined standard would a mother have her every act or omission while pregnant subjected to state scrutiny? By what objective standard should a jury be guided in determining whether a pregnant woman did all that was necessary in order not to breach a legal duty to not interfere with her fetus’ separate and independent right to be born whole? In what way would prejudicial and stereotypical beliefs about the reproductive abilities of women be kept from interfering with a jury’s determination of whether a particular woman was negligent at any point during her pregnancy? Nevertheless, some argue that the drug-addicted pregnant woman should be treated as if her drug use is the same as child abuse and at least one state Supreme Court has apparently accepted that view. The Supreme of South Carolina, distinguishing itself from courts in twenty-four other states, has declared that at least inside the borders of South Carolina a viable fetus is a person and a pregnant woman who endangers its health can be found guilty of child abuse. The South Carolina court could not fathom the difference between a stranger who attacks a pregnant woman and the woman herself. The court argued if the fetus is not treated as a child under the law, then, â€Å"there would be no basis for prosecuting a mother who kills her viable fetus by stabbing it, by shooting it, or by other such means, yet a third party could be prosecuted for the very same acts. † The truth is that we do not have to pit the woman against the fetus to promote healthy pregnancies or to value life. In fact, creating fetal personhood hurts both women and the possibilities for healthier pregnancies. We could treat addiction for what it is, a health problem. We could fund programs designed to meet women’s needs not only during pregnancy, but throughout their lives because we value women as whole persons. We could respect people’s different values regarding fetuses without creating the legal fiction that fetuses are separate persons.

Supervisory techniques

The word counseling can be defined as the process of helping persons who are fundamentally psychologically healthy or otherwise resolve developmental and situational issues. Supervisory techniques are essential and incorporate some advances that may not be themselves referred as counseling such as creative problem solving but have similar aim. A successful counselor has a mature and well balanced state of mind and temperament and places him/her self in the shoes of the counselee, and has the ability to respect their (counselee) opinions, thoughts, feelings and emotions.After evaluating the story as described, a realistic, practical solution can be developed individually at first if this is beneficial, and then jointly to encourage the participants to give their best efforts at orienting their relationship with each other. It must be noted that the change in situations like financial status, physical health, and the influence of family members and friends can have an adverse negative influence on the conduct, responses and actions of the those counselee.The scope of counseling covers a wide and diversified field of study as it includes what one would imagine far and beyond these identified topics;- Abortion counseling, Brief therapy, Career Counseling, Christian counseling, Counseling psychology, Credit counseling, Cross-cultural counseling, Disaster counseling, Disciplinary counseling, Ecological counseling, Family & marriage counseling, Genetic counseling, Grief & trauma counseling, Marriage counseling, Pastoral counseling, Relationship counseling , Rehabilitation counseling, Sexual trauma counseling, Suicide intervention etc. 1.0) Pregnancy Options and Abortion counseling This provides information and support for a pregnant woman who is considering between the choices regarding the continuation of the pregnancy. The choices include continuing the pregnancy for parenting or adoption and pregnancy termination. In reality, qualified advisors take the information with certainty and encouragingly that helps each woman make the best decision for her. Counselors require up-to-date knowledge of local and national laws governing women's pregnancy choices, especially concerning adolescents and their rights to make such decisions.The tie between forced abortion and mental health is no more associated with psychological danger than carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. Psychological effects of abortion It was noted that adverse emotional reactions to the abortion are influenced by pre-existing psychological conditions and other negative factors and, furthermore, that well-being was separately and positively related to employment, income, and education, but negatively related to total number of children. The kind of stress and the amount of stress women experience varies from culture to culture.Emotional distress may occur in a majority of women who are contemplating or have had an abortion due to a number of factors, including pre-existing mental health problems, the status of the woman's relationship with her partner, poor economic status, poor social network, or conservative views held on abortion. The term â€Å"post-abortion syndrome† was used as it was stated that it had been observed post-traumatic stress disorder which developed in response to the stress of abortion.While some studies have shown a correlation between abortion and clinical depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors, or adverse effects on women's sexual functions for a small number of women, these correlations may be explained by pre-existing social circumstances and emotional health and various factors, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of support, and conservative views on abortion, may increase the likelihood of experiencing negative reactions. Abortion might mean a selection of women at higher risk for suicide because of reasons like depression.The study concluded that compared to other women in the group those who had an abor tion were subsequently more likely to have â€Å"mental health problems including depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors and substance use disorders. 1. 1) Career Counseling Career choices are based on matching personal traits (aptitude, abilities, resources, personality) with job factors (wages and environment for success. This framework contains three sections: a) Acquaintance with the necessary requirements and conditions of achievement, positive and negative effects, returns, opportunities, and prospects in different area’s of work.b) A true reasoning of the relations of these two groups of facts 1. 2) Christian counseling Christian counseling is carried out by a qualified counselor who upholds Christian ethics values, beliefs and philosophy. The uniting element is the therapist, who has integrated a combination of Christianity, psychology, and psychotherapy into the applied program. Counselees look at Biblical guidance and counseling as a perfect relationship with a ca ring counselor directed toward increased awareness of themselves, others, the societies and cultures in which they live, and their understanding of the Christian God.The therapy may take an ad-hoc approach, focusing simply on the therapy session itself. Clients may be more comfortable with a Christian counselor, and they may feel such a person's advice is more sensitive to their personal or religious needs. Some clients also wish to use the Christian Bible as a reference for their counseling sessions and therapy. 1. 3) Disciplinary counseling A disciplinary counseling is a session or a meeting between an employer and an employee or a supervisor and his/her junior employee.It may focus and put more emphasis on a specific work place scenario or in carrying out a performance appraisal. The counseling process may be scheduled, initiated and executed by the supervisor and is not considered disciplinary. It is conducted in ultimate privacy, and is intended to have a constructive goal of p roviding feedback to the employee to correct the problem. 1. 4) Pastoral counseling Pastoral or Biblical counseling is a branch of therapy in which ordained ministers, rabbis, priests and others provide therapy services.These include Marriage and Family Counselors. Pastoral counseling is essentially a non-licensure. Counselees often will not pay for pastoral counseling of counselors without state licensing which is often synonymous with pastoral care that include Christian Counselors, Clinical pastoral education.. 1. 5) Rehabilitation counseling This type of counseling takes interest on assisting those with disabilities to achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals through a counseling process.Though educational programs have began to appear, it is not until the availability of adequate funding for rehabilitation counseling programs that the profession begun to grow and establish its own identity. 1. 6) Suicide intervention Counseling Suicide intervention is an eff ort to stop or prevent persons attempting or contemplating suicide from killing themselves. Individuals who utter the intention cause harm to self are routinely determined to lack the present mental capacity to refuse treatment, and can be transported to an emergency department against their will.Medical advice pertaining people who attempt or consider suicide is that they should immediately go or be taken to the nearest emergency room, or emergency services should be called immediately by them or anyone aware of the problem. Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. According to medical practice, severe suicidal ideation, that is, serious contemplation or planning of suicide is a medical emergency and that the condition requires immediate emergency medical treatment. Those suffering from depression are considered as high-risk group for suicidal behavior.When depression is a major factor, successful treatment of the depression usually leads to the disappearance of sui cidal thoughts. However, medical treatment of depression is not always successful, and lifelong depression can contribute to recurring suicide attempts. 1. 7) Career Counseling A career was initially taken as a course of successive situations that make up a person's work life. One can have a sporting, musical or any other without being a real professional athlete or musician, but most frequently â€Å"career† in the 20th century referenced the series of jobs or positions by which one earned one's money.Career Assessments are tests that come in a variety of forms and rely on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies and helps individuals to identify and better articulate their unique interests, values, and skills. These type of advisors evaluates major interests, values and skills, of the client and also help them explore career options and research graduate and professional schools. This field is vast and includes career placement, career planning, learning strategies a nd student development.Typically when people come for career counseling they know exactly what they want to get out of the process, but are unsure about how it will work Career counselors work with people from all walks of life such as adolescents looking to explore career options or with experienced professionals looking for a career change. Career advisors normally have psychology, vocational psychology, or industrial/organizational setting. The approach of career counseling varies by practitioner, but generally they include the completion of one or more assessments. 1.8 Credit counseling It is also known as debt counseling. This is a process offering education to consumers about how to avoid incurring debts that cannot be repaid. This process is actually more debt counseling than a function of credit education. This type counseling involves discussing with lenders in ascertaining a debt management plan (DMP) for a consumer. A DMP may help the debtor repay his or her debt by worki ng out a repayment plan with the creditor. DMPs, set up by credit counselors, usually offer reduced payments, fees and interest rates to the client.It merely gives a fresh start and an opportunity for the client to begin building a positive credit history. Criticism for credit counseling These sharp increases of credit counseling activity also created other, more serious issues in the industry and they include: a) Exploitation by most credit guidance organizations are so significant which leads to criticism of the entire industry. b) Another common criticism of credit counseling is the assertion that participating in a Debt Management Plan will ruin a consumer’s credit.d) Severally many credit advice firms hire untrained staff to do credit counseling. References 1) Swanson, J. L. and Parcover, J. A. (1998). Annual Review: Practices and Research in career counseling and development — 1997. The Career Development Quarterly. 47, 2, 98-135. 2) Kim, B. S, Li, L. C. , and Li an, C. T. (2002) Effects of Asian American client adherence to Asian cultural values, session goal, and counselor emphasis of client expression on career counseling process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 3, 342-354.

Discussion Questions and Participation Questions Essay - 1

Discussion Questions and Participation Questions - Essay Example The energy usage of the company should be reduced by 15% by the year 2012. The company is going to have to develop its renewable energy program further to achieve this goal. The CO2 should be reduced by another 10% by the year 2012. A popular product at Coca Cola is its 20z bottles soft drinks. These bottles are used for the classic coca cola and for other soft drinks the company sponsors. The product is currently in its mature phase of its product life cycle. An environmental lifecycle assessment of this product shows that the packaging material utilized by the company is causing great harm to the environment. The company sells every year over 2 billion bottles of these products. That is lot of plastic that is being wasted to package the bottle. The company recognized the existence of this problem which is contributing to the depletion of the crude oil natural resource. Coca Cola invested $60 million to create the world largest recycled bottling plant. The end state goal of the company is to achieve 100% usage of plastic recycled material. This plant will enable the company to come closer to the goal. Water scarcity is major problem the world is facing. There are regions in the planet that are facing major issues due the lack of water. One of the most affected regions in the world is Sub-Saharan Africa. The water stewardship program at Cola-Cola goes beyond setting operation agendas on how to reduce water consumption and improve the quality of water. The program also raises awareness worldwide about water scarcity in poor communities. You mentioned the importance of reducing green house emissions. This goal is essential in order to reduce air pollution. CO2 emissions are the top contributor that is causing global warming. You also mentioned that the company is using hybrid technology in its selection of its truck fleet. The ground transportation vehicle fleet of the company is an area in which the company could improve by replacing all of its